語言由語法、詞匯、語音三個基本要素組成。從現代白話的語法方麵考察可知,漢語受到了印歐語言的影響。下文是以具體例子來討論白話歐化的語言學現象。其中,漢語例句引自北京官話聖經譯本[20],英語例句引自北京官話聖經譯本的譯源本——英語欽定本聖經[21]。

1.句子的延長

中國古漢語追求凝練簡潔,善用短句鋪排,注重誦讀的氣韻節拍,因此即便有包孕句,也大多不複雜。隨著中國思想文化的轉型,對新思想的論述、現代性的探索和社會的反思,都需要與之匹配的高度綜合和理性的語言。這種時代的需求進一步催生了複雜的包孕句、複雜的修飾成分、複雜的包含結構、完整句子主語及關係連詞等。這些都使得句子變得越來越長了。正如成仿吾先生所感歎:“中國舊有的語法太籠統,太簡單,要談精密的理論,要寫複雜的現象,自非將歐洲的語法和文脈引進來補充不可。”[22]這種引進在翻譯作品中,更是被不知不覺地采用了。

例1:1 Therefore being justified by faith,we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ:2 by whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand,and rejoice in hope of the glory of God.3 And not only so,but we glory in tribulations also;knowing that tribulation worketh patience;4 and patience,experience;and experience,hope:5 And hope maketh not ashamed;because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us.

1我們既因信得稱為義、就靠我主耶穌基督、得與上帝複和。2又因信耶穌得立在這恩惠之中、並且歡歡喜喜盼望上帝的榮耀、3不但如此、就是在患難之中、也是喜歡的、因為知道患難生忍耐、4忍耐生老練、老練生盼望、5盼望不至於羞恥、因為所賜給我們的聖神、將上帝的慈愛、澆灌在我們心裏。

《羅馬書》第5章第1—4節

例2:11 And God said,Let the earth bring forth grass,the herb yielding seed,and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind,whose seed is in itself,upon the earth:and it was so.12 And the earth brought forth grass,and herb yielding seed after his kind,and the tree yielding fruit,whose seed was in itself,after his kind:and God saw that it was good.13 And the evening and the morning were the third day.

11上帝說、地要發生結子的青草菜蔬和結果子的樹木、果子都包著核、各從其類在地上、就如話而成了。12於是地發生了結子的青草菜蔬和結果子的樹木、果子都包著核、各從其類、上帝看著是好。13有晚有早、是第三日。

《創世紀》第1章第11—13節

例3:1 In the beginning was the Word,and the Word was with God,and the Word was God.2 The same was in the beginning with God.3 All things were made by him;and without him was not any thing made that was made.